Popular GLP-1 weight-loss drugs linked to potentially deadly brain disorder

Key Points:

• A new study published in Clinical Nutrition identified 15 cases of Wernicke encephalopathy, a rare neurological disorder caused by severe vitamin B1 deficiency, in people taking GLP-1 receptor agonists like semaglutide (Ozempic, Wegovy) and tirzepatide (Mounjaro, Zepbound).
• Most patients reported gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, weight loss, and malnutrition, which may contribute to vitamin B1 deficiency; the condition can cause confusion, balance problems, vision changes, and potentially permanent brain damage or death if untreated.
• Researchers found reports of this disorder more frequently among GLP-1 medication users compared to other drugs but emphasized the study cannot confirm causation, and the cases are very rare relative to the millions taking these medications.
• Experts advise that patients experiencing persistent nausea, vomiting, or rapid weight loss while on GLP-1 drugs should seek medical attention and maintain proper nutrition and hydration to reduce risk, especially those with prior bariatric surgery or heavy alcohol use.
• The study’s authors call for further research and caution against discontinuing prescribed GLP-1 medications based solely on these findings, highlighting the importance of medical guidance when managing side effects.