These are the common infections that can cause cancer - and how to protect yourself

Key Points:

• Over 12 percent of global cancer cases are linked to infections from viruses and bacteria, with Helicobacter pylori, human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B and C viruses, and Epstein–Barr virus being the main contributors.
• Many of these infections are preventable or treatable; vaccines exist for HPV and hepatitis B, while treatments are available for hepatitis C, though no vaccines currently exist for Helicobacter pylori, Epstein-Barr, or hepatitis C.
• Helicobacter pylori infects the stomach lining and spreads through contact with contaminated food, water, or bodily fluids, emphasizing the importance of handwashing and clean water to prevent infection.
• HPV is a widespread sexually transmitted virus that can cause multiple cancers, but vaccination with Gardasil-9 effectively prevents over 90 percent of HPV-related cancers when administered at recommended ages.
• Epstein-Barr virus spreads via saliva and bodily fluids and is linked to cancers of the nose and throat; prevention relies on hygiene and avoiding exposure, while researchers are developing potential vaccines and antibody treatments.